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Karl Reinhold "Kai" Donner (1 April 188812 February 1935) was a Finnish linguist, ethnography and politician. He carried out expeditions to the Ob-Ugrians and Samoyedic peoples in Siberia 1911–1914 and was docent of Uralic languages at the University of Helsinki from 1924. He was considered a pioneer of modern anthropological fieldwork methods, though his work is little known in the English-speaking world.
Studying the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of Siberia had become an important part of the "national sciences" — Finno-Ugric philology and ethnology, folklore studies, and archaeology — that arose in answer to the interest in national "roots" that followed the "National Awakening" of the mid-19th century. Donner had decided early on that he wanted to follow in the footsteps of pioneer philologist and explorer M. A. Castrén (1813–1852) and study the peoples who lived beyond the Ural Mountains. On his first trip, he traveled along the upper reaches of the Ob and most of the Yenisey between 1911 and 1913. His second trip took him to the Ob, Irtysh, and upper Yenisei. Living with the Nenets people and Khanty people, Donner studied not only the language but also the way of life and beliefs of his hosts. His travelogue, Bland Samojeder i Sibirien åren 1911–1913, 1914 ('Among the Samoyeds in Siberia in the years 1911–1913, 1914'), was first printed in 1915.
During World War I, Donner was active in the Finnish independence movement which was secretly sending young men to Germany to receive military training in preparation for an armed struggle for independence from Imperial Russia. Betrayed to the Okhrana in 1916, he fled to Sweden and lived there and in Imperial Germany as a refugee until 1918. During the Finnish Civil War, Donner served as commander of the Terijoki crossing helping among others former minister of war, Sukhomlinov, and grand-duke Cyril Romanoff and his family to escape from revolutionary Russia. He was also active as second in command to the newly established Finnish Military Intelligence. He was a close friend of General Mannerheim and wrote the first authoritative biography of Mannerheim.
In the 1920s and early 1930s, Donner was one of the more influential leaders of the far-right Lapua Movement. Finland-Swedish by mother tongue, he expressed reservations about the persecution of Swedish speakers, which was commonly supported by conservative Finns in those decades.
He was the father of the Finnish politician and film producer Jörn Donner and geologist Joakim Donner. He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.
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